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Here are the key findings from the Blog Series titled "New Zealand's Early European Explorers": Cristóvão de Mendonça Early European Exploration : The Blogs explore the possibility that Portuguese or Spanish navigators may have arrived in New Zealand before Abel Tasman in 1642. Cristóvão de Mendonça's Expedition : Cristóvão de Mendonça led an expedition in 1522/23 from Malacca, Malaysia, with four ships to explore Australia's east coast and New Zealand's North Island. His fle

Who were New Zealand's first settlers? What are the probabilities of ships discovering New Zealand over 2000 years ago? Most likely departing from Southeast Asian or Melanesian ports, such as New Guinea, the largest island? The people on board could be of any mixed ethnic background, bound together by the motivation to find gold or another key resource, improve their quality of life, or seek better security. India’s Sphere of Influence 2000 Years Before the Present My previou

New Zealand's closest neighbours were inhabited thousands of years ago, creating the potential for its eventual discovery: Over 2,000 years ago, sea routes capable of efficiently transferring large groups of people were well established. These maritime networks connected the Mediterranean, India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Simultaneously, people from regions north of Southeast Asia were actively trading and migrating into these areas. Australia, Southeast Asia, and New G

What are the relevant factors when looking at who were the first settlers in New Zealand? Earliest Evidence from Wairau Bar: The Wairau Bar, where the Wairau River meets the Pacific Ocean near Blenheim, provides the earliest known evidence of human habitation in New Zealand. Artefacts discovered there by chance, followed by thorough archaeological excavations, date back to around 1280 AD (approximately 740 years ago). These items point to East Polynesia as the origin of the s

New Zealand's neighbouring regions, like Australia, the Pacific Islands, and Southeast Asia, boast histories of human habitation spanning thousands of years. Australia, for example, has been home to Aboriginal peoples for over 65,000 years—making them one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth. The Pacific Islands, including Melanesia and Polynesia, were settled by seafaring peoples who undertook epic voyages across the ocean, starting around 3,000 years ago. Oceania Regi

Aboriginals long time ago Southeast Asia: The Origins of Early Migration Evidence of habitation in Southeast Asia dates back nearly two million years, with Homo erectus  living in the region. Modern human remains discovered in New Guinea suggest that populations migrated from Southeast Asia roughly 50,000 years ago. These migrations, originating from Africa between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago, marked New Guinea as one of the earliest landmasses after Africa and Eurasia to be

Migration from the North Migration Within Oceania Migration has been a continuous process shaped by various factors such as environmental changes, overpopulation, and conflicts. Overland migration from China into Southeast Asia occurred around 10,000 to 30,000 years ago, followed by seaborne migration from Taiwan approximately 5,000 years ago. These movements fostered the development of unique local cultures, languages, and ethnic identities over time. In Melanesia, settlers

Current View While the conventional view holds that New Zealand was first settled around 1250–1300 AD, the possibility of earlier habitation remains a topic of debate. Evidence of earlier settlers could be buried or yet to be discovered. Contributing Factors The possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have originated from Southeast Asia and the New Guinea region is supported by a number of factors covered in the next three Blogs: BLOG 7: Seafaring Cultures and Navig

Red Sea Port Activity What factors support the possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have come from Southeast Asia and New Guinea region? Current View While the conventional view holds that New Zealand was first settled around 1250–1300 AD, the possibility of earlier habitation remains a topic of debate. Evidence of earlier settlers could be buried or yet to be discovered. Contributing Factors The possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have originated f

What factors support the possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have come from Southeast Asia and New Guinea region? Current View While the conventional view holds that New Zealand was first settled around 1250–1300 AD, the possibility of earlier habitation remains a topic of debate. Evidence of earlier settlers could be buried or yet to be discovered. Contributing Factors The possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have originated from Southeast Asia and

Final Touches to Pots What factors support the possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have come from Southeast Asia and New Guinea region? Current View While the conventional view holds that New Zealand was first settled around 1250–1300 AD, the possibility of earlier habitation remains a topic of debate. Evidence of earlier settlers could be buried or yet to be discovered. Contributing Factors The possibility that New Zealand’s first settlers may have originated f

What are the sources of evidence? Establishing proof of pre-Polynesian inhabitants requires gathering all available information and assessing the probability of earlier arrivals. Building the case necessitates drawing from multiple sources. Probability is subjective, with each person forming their own assessment of the likelihood of pre-Polynesian arrivals. The evidence can be categorised into the following areas: Māori Oral History Evidence Archaeological Evidence: Artefacts

What are the sources of evidence? 1.      Māori Oral History Evidence Continues Observations on Pre-Polynesian Inhabitation J.S. Polack J.S. Polack, an Englishman who arrived in New Zealand in 1831, became fluent in Te Reo Māori and published two books: New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures  (Vols. I and II, 1838) and Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders  (1840). His writings covered a wide range of topics related to the Māori people, including referen

What are the sources of evidence in regards to New Zealand's first settlers? 1.      Māori Oral History Evidence Continues Observations on Pre-Polynesian Inhabitation Monica Matamua: Claims to be Patupaiarahe Descendant A number of people in New Zealand claim descent from Waitaha, Tūrehu, and Patupaiarehe. Numerous books have been written on the subject, with some suggesting that many cultural elements commonly associated with Māori may have originated from these earlier inha

Recent blogs have highlighted historical accounts from Māori oral tradition suggesting that other people were already present in New Zealand upon their arrival. How much credibility can we assign to the authenticity of these accounts? This topic is explored further in this blog: Who were New Zealand's first settlers? Māori Oral History Credibility of Oral Histories Oral histories are widely accepted as part of the historical record. Today, Māori oral traditions span approxima

Richard Price Excavation Site, Poukawa, hawkes Bay 1965 Recent Blogs have covered Māori oral history providing evidence of pre-Polynesian habitation in New Zealand. Archeological evidence is the next category to be examined: Māori Oral History Evidence Archaeological Evidence: Artefacts and Features Additional categories for discussion following this Archaeological Evidence include: Evidence from DNA Analysis Origins of the Māori Language 2.      Archaeological Evidence Archa

Archaeological Artefacts 1.1 Artefacts Recovered from a Dig at Poukawa In 1930, professional surveyor Russell Price conducted a survey at Poukawa, 20 km south of Hastings, to construct a canal outflow for Lake Poukawa. The goal was to provide flood protection and reclaim land for pasture. During the excavation of the drainage channel, Price discovered leg bones of moa standing upright in the soil—without torsos or heads. Richard Price Excavation Site, Poukawa, Hawkes Bay, 196

Pouto Ki Rongomaraeroa carving and Tamil Bell Two artefacts in the series are presented: Archaeological Artefacts 1.2 Carved Panels: Pouto Ki Rongomaraeroa Two carved panels of a similar style have been discovered in separate locations in Northland. One was found during the draining of a swamp in the Kaitaia District and is now housed in the Auckland Museum. The second panel was uncovered in 1991 in the sand at Pouto Beach, Kaipara North Head. Local iwi were adamant that the

Two artefacts in the series are presented: Archaeological Artefacts 1.4   Polished Stone Tools Julius von Haast Julius von Haast (1822-1887) was a German-born New Zealand explorer, geologist, and founder of the Canterbury Museum  in Christchurch . He named the Haast Pass and Haast River after himself. He discovered and named many glaciers in the central South Island, including the Franz Joseph Glacier, named after the Emperor of Austria. Haast township, two mountains, Haast S

The final artefact in this series is presented: Archaeological Artefacts 1.6 Serpentine Stone Bird Carving In 1878, a finely carved stone bird  was found beneath the roots of an upturned manuka tree. The location was between Aotea Harbour and Raglan. The bird is comprised of a dark green serpentine stone, weighing 2.1 kg and around 25 cm in length. The Carved Stone Bird Multiple questions arise from the discovery: There is no serpentine stone in New Zealand. The closest outcr

Archaeological Evidence Archaeology is the study of the human past through material remains. These remains can include any objects that people created, modified, or used. There are two main categories of material remains: Portable remains , usually called artefacts, include tools, clothing, and decorations. These have been dealt with in previous Blogs. Non-portable remains , such as buildings or post-holes, are referred to as features . Over time, New Zealand has been accumul

Location of Wairau Bar in Marlborough The Wairau Bar excavation site is one of the most significant archaeological digs in New Zealand due to the diversity and number of artefacts found. Wairau Bar is an 8 km long boulder bank, formed where the Wairau River meets the Pacific Ocean, east of Blenheim. The area is dry, windswept, and covered in low scrub and grasses. In 1925, a paddock on the Bar was ploughed by Albert Eyles, the leaseholder of the land, exposing numerous artefa

Location of Waipoua Forest, New Zealand Waipoua Forest is located on State Highway 12, 45 km north of Dargaville, on Northland's west coast, between Dargaville and Omapere. Today, the Waipoua Forest (130 sq km) contains an Archaeological Reserve spanning approximately 645 hectares. Numerous archaeological sites were excavated between 1973 and 1984. Importantly, large areas remain unexplored. The most significant excavation was conducted by archaeologists from the University o

The Poukawa excavation is one of the most significant in New Zealand’s history. If not included as a major feature, this section would be incomplete. Details of the Poukawa excavation have been published in previous blogs, and for ease of reference, the blog is repeated here: In 1930, Russell Price, a professional surveyor, surveyed Poukawa, 20 km south of Hastings, to build a canal outflow for Lake Poukawa, aiming to provide flood protection and reclaim land for pasture. Whi